19th Century
Nonetheless, Poles did not lose hope for the regaining of independence. The light at the end of the tunnel was fed by Napoleon, who restored a semblance of Polish state which lasted until 1815.
 Farewell by Artur Grottger ( a woman bidding the insurgent farewell ) |
Throughout the 19th century two attempts were made (in 1830 and 1863) to bring Poland back onto the map of Europe, without success.
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A March to
Siberia by Artur Grottger |
After the January Uprising of 1863,
Russia’s efforts to Russify Poles were intensified. The resistance against
this process manifested itself in literature, the arts and patriotic
education practised at home. Poles had more freedom in the territories
annexed by Austria, however.
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